Fig. 2
From: Microenvironment-responsive nanomedicines: a promising direction for tissue regeneration
Roles of the immune microenvironment in bone and cartilage regeneration. a Immune factors play different roles in successful healing and impaired healing processes. b Crucial immune cells and signaling pathways in cartilage regeneration. Th helper T cells, IL interleukin, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, Mø macrophage, MLS multipotent stem cells, FLS fibroblast-like synoviocytes, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, CXCL-10 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-10, LPS lipopolysaccharide, IFN-γ interferon-γ, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1, ECM extracellular matrix, IM-DCs immature dendritic cells, M-DCs mature dendritic cells