Fig. 8

Phase I hOM-MSC implantation clinical trial for PD patients. a The strategy for hOM-MSCs transplants in PD patients. The process is divided into the collection of patient nasal mucosa, cultivation of olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells, lumbar puncture transplantation of cells, and evaluation of patients and collected specimens. b Western blotting measuring TGF-β1, IL-1β, and CD206 protein expression in CSF of PD patients. c ELISA showing histogram of TGF-β1, DA, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 protein concentration in CSF of case 1/2/3 before hOM-MSCs transplantation as well as 5 and 11 d after transplantation. d ELISA showing a histogram of TGF-β1, DA, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 protein concentration in CSF of case 4 before hOM-MSCs transplantation and 5 d after transplantation. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ns non-significant. UPDRS unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1, IL-1β interleukin-1β, DA dopamine, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-4 interleukin-4, IL-10 interleukin-10, Pre-MSCs previous treatment olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells, Post-MSCs post-treatment olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells