Fig. 1

The hOM-MSCs enhanced mitochondrial function in neurons and the immunomodulation of microglia in the PD cell model. a Exemplary immunofluorescence micrograph showing nuclei (DAPI, blue), NeuN, and BAX expression in SH-SY5Y cells, and nuclei (DAPI, blue), α-Syn, CD206, and IL-1β expression in BV2 cells (scale bars = 40 μm). b Western blotting measuring BAX protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells, and α-Syn (α-synuclein), IL-1β, and CD206 protein expression in BV2 cells. c TEM showing the mitochondria morphology and ultrastructure (red arrow) in SH-SY5Y cells, and the formation of autophagosomes (green arrow) in BV2 cells (scale bars = 2 μm). d Western blotting measuring LAMP-2 protein expression in BV2 cells. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ns non-significant. NeuN neuron-specific nuclear protein, DAPI 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, IL-1β interleukin-1β, LAMP-2 lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, hOM-MSCs hypoxia-olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells, PD Parkinson’s disease, CD recombinant cluster of differentiation