Table 3 Summary of previous studies on four-dimensional (4D) tracking of bacteria using digital in-line holographic microscopy

2014

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)

Swimming motility of P. aeruginosa, including meander, oscillation, helix, pseudohelix, and twisting patterns

Kirchhoff-Helmholtz transformation

Local extreme intensity

Satisfying self-consistency between trajectories projected on xz- and yz-planes

[158]

2015

P. aeruginosa, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens), and Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Swimming motility of P. aeruginosa, A. tumefaciens, and E. coli

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Intensity thresholding

Connecting three-dimensional (3D) positions for each object in subsequent holograms

[159]

2014

E. coli

Swimming motility of E. coli

Fresnel transformation

Local extreme intensity

3D Lagrangian tracking algorithm

[80]

2016

E. coli

Swimming motility of E. coli., such as body angle rotation during runs, tumbles, and pole reversal

Discrete dipole approximation and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm

Minimum sum of squared differences between the simulated model and measured holograms

Connecting 3D positions for each object in subsequent holograms

[161]

2017

E. coli

Swimming motility of E. coli

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Local extreme intensity

Connecting 3D positions for each object in subsequent holograms

[62]

2023

E. coli

Swimming motility of E. coli

Angular spectrum method

Variance focus function

Superimposing 3D positions of objects in subsequent holograms

[160]

2018

Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens)

Swimming motility of S. putrefaciens with varying filament compositions

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Gouy phase anomaly and Sobel filtering

Connecting 3D positions for each object in subsequent holograms

[162]

2014

E. coli

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of E. coli in near-surface and bulk regions, including gyrating on the surface, attaching, detaching, running, tumbling, swimming in circles, and slow random walk

Fresnel transformation

Local extreme intensity

3D Lagrangian tracking algorithm

[163]

2016

E. coli

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of E. coli in a near-surface region under various flow shear

Fresnel transformation

Local extreme intensity

Frame-to-frame particle tracking velocimetry algorithm

[164]

2017

E. coli

Cell-surface interaction; Landing dynamics of E. coli near polymeric surfaces with varying surface hydrophobicity

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Local extreme intensity

Linking 3D positions into continuous trajectories using home-made Python code

[165]

2017

E. coli

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of E. coli during wall entrapment

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Local extreme intensity

Connecting 3D positions for each object in subsequent holograms

[166]

2017

E. coli and Pseudomonas species

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of E. coli and Pseudomonas species on biodegradable polymeric surfaces

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Local extreme intensity

Linking 3D positions into continuous trajectories using home-made Python code

[167]

2019

E. coli and Pseudomonas species

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of E. coli and Pseudomonas species on polymeric surfaces with varying surface stiffness

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Local extreme intensity

Linking 3D positions into continuous trajectories using home-made Python code

[168]

2019

P. aeruginosa

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of P. aeruginosa in a near-surface region

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Intensity thresholding

Connecting 3D positions for each object in subsequent holograms

[169]

2023

Shewanella species

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of Shewanella species in near-surface and bulk regions

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Intensity thresholding

A three-frame predictive particle tracking algorithm

[170]

2023

Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakii)

Cell-surface interaction; Swimming motions of E. sakazakii near the surfaces coated with sessile probiotics

Rayleigh-Sommerfeld back-propagation

Local extreme intensity

Linking 3D positions into continuous trajectories using home-made Python code

[171]