Table 2 Surface modification strategies applied in commercial dental implants

Sandblasting

TiOblast® (Astra Tech, Mölndal, Sweden)

Swede and Screw Vent® (Zimmer Biomet, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, USA)

Standard, Hex® (Osteoplant, Poznan, Poland)

Macro-roughness

[30, 120, 121]

Acid etching

Osseotite® (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, Indiana, USA)

Steri-Oss Etched® (Nobel Biocare, Zürich-Flughafen, Switzerland)

Micro-roughness created by the formation of micro wells on the implant surface

[30, 120, 122]

Grit blasting and acid etching

SLA Straumann® (Straumann Institute, Basel, Switzerland)

Ankylos® (Dentsply Friadent, Mannheim, Germany)

Friadent Plus® (Dentsply Friadent, Mannheim, Germany)

Promote® (Camlog, Basel, Switzerland)

Osseonova® (Ziacom, Pinto, Spain)

Hierarchical topography by combination with both macro- and micro-roughness

[30, 39]

Anodization

TiUnite® (Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden)

Porous organized surface in the form of TiO₂ nanotubes

[30, 118]

Plasma spraying

IMZ-TPS® (Dentsply Friadent, Mannhein, Germany)

Bonefit® (Straumann Institute, Waldenburg, Switzerland)

Restore-TPS® (Lifecore Biomedical, Chaska, Minnesota, USA)

Steri-Oss-TPS® (Nobel Biocare, Yorba Linda, California, USA)

ITI-TPS® (Straumann Institute, Waldenburg, Germany)

Increased surface hydrophilicity by the formation of a film containing Ti-OH groups

[30, 39, 120]