Fig. 4
From: Biomaterials science and surface engineering strategies for dental peri-implantitis management
Different antibacterial actions involved in the management of bacterial infections. The antibacterial actions can be divided into 5 categories. a Material/surface can inhibit bacterial adhesion. b Engineered surfaces can cause bacterial death via direct contact. c Engineered surface can release antibacterial ions/agents to achieve bactericidal effects. d Material/surface with intrinsic bactericidal effects. e Material/surface can be activated by external driving forces to initiate antibacterial activities