Fig. 13
From: Biomaterials science and surface engineering strategies for dental peri-implantitis management
The further research directions of dental implants. a Developing self-adaptative antibacterial coatings that function according to the microenvironment. b Developing intelligent antibacterial surfaces that can be activated by multiple external-field driving drivers. c Developing lively surface to promote osseointegration by using MSCs-based therapy. d Developing multi-functional surfaces. Combination of the design rules of osteogenesis-angiogenesis regulation and osteoimmunomodulation with existing antibacterial strategies. e Developing versatile surfaces for integrated diagnosis and treatment. M1 M1 type macrophage, M2 M2 type macrophage, IL-10 interleukin-10, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, IL-6 interleukin-6, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, MOFs metal-organic frameworks, LDHs layered double hydroxides, ROS reactive oxygen species, US ultrasonic, MF magnetic field