Fig. 2

Characterization of the piezoelectric hydrogels. a Representative SEM images of different hydrogel samples, the red arrows represent piezoelectric nanoparticles. b EDS elemental mapping of the CG/PHA/5%PBT piezoelectric hydrogel. XRD (c), FTIR (d), rheological curve (e), and elasticity modulus (f) of different hydrogel samples. g The output voltage of different hydrogel samples under 10 Hz and 1 kP pressure. *P < 0.05, compared with the CG group; #P < 0.05, compared with the CG/PHA group. CG chitosan/gelatin, PHA polydopamine coated-hydroxyapatite, PBT polydopamine coated-barium titanate, SEM scanning electron microscope, EDS energy disperse spectroscopy, XRD X-ray diffraction, FTIR fourier transform infrared spectroscopy