Fig. 6

Three steps involved in synthesizing exosomal-membrane-coated nanosystems. ① extraction of exosomal membranes through hypotonic treatment of exosomes that were previously isolated from cell-culture supernatants via ultracentrifugation, ② selection and fabrication of the NP inner core, and ③ coating of the synthesized NP inner core with the extracted exosomal membrane via top-down approaches to obtain a core–shell nanostructure. MOF metal organic framework, NP nanoparticle, NK natural killer